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    • Adan and Natale in a

    2018-11-15

    Adan and Natale (2002), in a study conducted in Barcelona involving 2135 individuals with age between 17 and 30 years, verified association between the male gender and eveningness [40]. In the same year, in Brazil, Hidalgo et al. (2003) investigated 318 individuals of the same age, obtaining the same findings – males more evening-types and females more morning-types [37]. Other studies reinforced the fact that women are more morning-types than men [11,41–46]. On other hand, the results obtained in our study are compatible with the findings of Selvi et al. (2012) who, in a similar sample, of 264 university students between the ages of 17 and 26 years of age, did not find a significant association between gender and chronotype [13]. We also did not observe a significant relationship between chronotype and age, in accordance to the results of Selvi et al. (2012) [13]. Other studies, however, point out to associations between age and chronotype [38,47,48]. Carrier et al. (1997) verified that, with increasing age, people tend to morningness [49]. In adolescence, there are indications that women, as well as men, tend to be more evening-type [50]. There was no significant association between chronotype and the season of birth (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter) of the participants of the present study. These results corroborate with the study of Takao et al. (2009), in Japan, conducted with 1156 university students, demonstrating that the season of the year at birth did not influence the diurnal preferences among that population, suggesting possible ethnical interferences [51]. Our results contradicts the study conducted in the south of Brazil, with 648 university students, on which it focal adhesion kinase was verified an association between the season of birth and the circadian typology [52]. In the referred study, the individuals born during spring/summer were associated with eveningness, and the ones born during autumn/winter, were associated with morningness. Researches conducted in Italy, Spain and Canada have also evidentiated associations between chronotype and the season of the year at birth in a sample constituted by adolescents [53,54]. Besides the genetic differences associated with these ethnics, other factors might be implicated on the genesis of dissociation between the chronotype and the season of the year at birth among the Asian population, as the presence of a minor photosensitivity [55] and cultural differences related with the care of children [50,56]. It is known, however, that the four seasons of the year are much better defined in areas of medium latitudes (30–60° in relation to the line of the Equator), as exemplified by Europe, Japan and the United States. On other hand, on low latitudes, from 0° to 30°, such as the case of the location of this study (07°06′55″ S), the seasons of the year are not well defined. Such observation might make it difficult to associate chronotype with this variable [57]. Brazil is almost in its totality situated in low latitudes, going from approximately 5°16′ N latitude, to 33°45′ S latitude. This way, the south region of the country demonstrates characteristics that are closer to the regions of medium latitude, with seasons of the year much better defined [57].
    Conclusions
    Conflict of interest
    Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a frequent condition [1], characterized by recurrent respiratory pauses which lead to sleep fragmentation and intermittent desaturation. For the definition of hypopnea and consequently, for the diagnosis of OSA, oxygen desaturation is involved as one of its components [2,3]. Specifically, it is a necessary flow reduction (ventilation) associated with a decrease of more than 3–4% of oxygen saturation, (SpO2). Even though persistent and intermittent nocturnal desaturation had been related with the presence of some consequences of OSA, such as pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis [4], the role that desaturation has on the pathogenesis, development and treatment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with SAHS, is still obscure [5–7].